一.概念:动词虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,假设,猜测,建议,请求,意图,设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况,或者在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况,而不表示客观存在的现实

二.虚拟语气的表现形式:通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表现.这些特殊形式与谓语动词的某些时态相同,但它们只表示语气,而不表示时态,但含有一定的时间概念

虚拟语气的用法

一.虚拟语气在简单句中的用法:谓语动词用原形或may+动词原形

1.表示祝愿

a.Longliveourcountry.

b.Mayyousucceed.

c.Mayyoubehappyallyourlife.

2.表示命令

a.Everybodyleavetheroom.

二.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法:(使用虚拟语气的含条件句的复合句称为真实条件句)

1.表示与现在事实相反的情况时,if从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be动词的过去式多用were,而不用was),主句的谓语用should/would/could/might+动词原形(should多用于第一人称,would多用于二三人称,could/might可用于所有人称)

a.IfIhadmoretime,Ishouldstudycomputerbetter.

b.Ifhewerenotsobusy,shewouldattendthemeetingthisafternoon.

c.Iftheydidn’ttakeexerciseseveryday,theywouldn’tbesohealthy.

d.Ifyouwenttobedearlier,youwouldnotbesosleepyinthemorning.

e.Ifsheinvitedme,Ishouldgototheparty.

2.表示与过去事实相反的情况时,if从句的谓语用haddone形式,主句的谓语用should/would/could/might+havedone的形式

a.Ifshehadinvitedmeyesterday,Ishouldhavegonetotheparty.

b.IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainifIhadhadmoretimeatyesterday’sexam.

c.Ifyouhadtakentheteacher’sadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexam.

3.表示与将来事实相反的情况时,if从句的谓语形式是:①.完全动词过去式(be的过去式通常用were);②.should+动词原形;③.weretodo.其中②,③种情况都含有出乎意料之外之意;主句的谓语的形式是:should/would/could/might+动词原形

a.Ifsheshouldinvitemetomorrow,Ishouldgototheparty.

b.Ifitrained/shouldrain/weretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.

c.IfIsawhimtomorrow,Iwouldpassyournotetohim.

d.ImightcomebackifIweretomissthetrain.

三.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中用法的几个变体:

1.条件从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件从句中的谓语中有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,而把were,had,should放在句首

a.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgetupearlyveryearly.

b.Hadyouarrived(=Ifyouhadarrived)atthestationtenminutesearlieryesterday,youcouldhavecaughtthetrain.

2.省略条件从句或主句,省略部分的含义仍有所体现.省略主句时,表示己不能实现的愿望

a.Youcouldhavedoneityourself(ifyouhadwantedto).

b.Iwouldn’tsmoke(ifIwereyou).

c.Ifmyoldfriendswerewithme!(要是老朋友和我在一起该多好啊)

d.Ifyoucouldhaveseenthewonderfulfilm!

3.主从句时间不一致时,主从句谓语动词的形式取决于要表示的具体时间

a.YouwouldspeakEnglishwellifyouhadpractisedspeakingiteveryday.

b.Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tbeabletorunsofast.

4.假设的条件不以条件从句,而以其他方式如介词短语、从句等表达出来,这种句子称为含蓄条件句

a.Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?

b.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.

c.Wecouldhavedonebetterwithmoremoney.

d.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy.

四.虚拟语气在asif/though从句中的用法:

1.表示与现在事实相反或对相在情况有所怀疑,asif/though从句谓语用过去式

a.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifshehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.

b.Shelookedasifshewereill.

2.表示与过去事实相反的情况,asif/though从句谓语用过去完成式

a.Themachinesoperatedasifithadbeenrepaired.

五.虚拟语气在含evenif/though从句的复合句中的用法:

在此类复合句中,若表示与事实相反,可用虚拟语气形式.主从句的谓语动词形式与非真实条件句相同

a.EvenifIwererich,Iwouldwork.

六.虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:

如果表示说话人的看法,想法或意见,在句型Itis/was+adj.+that从句中,主语从句中可用虚拟语气.主语从句中谓语动词用shoulddo表示现在或将来情况,用shouldhavedone表示过去情况

a.Itisnecessarythatyoushouldcleanthelabbeforeyouleft.

b.Itisimportantthatyoushouldtakethedoctor’sadvice.

c.Itwasverystrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsaygoodbye.

七.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法:

1.在wish的宾语从句中,通常表示不可能实现或没有实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气

①.wish的宾语从句用过去式,表示现在或将来没有实现或不可能实现的愿望

a.IwishIknewtheresultofthematchnow.

b.Iwishitwerespringherealltheyearround.

c.IwishIcouldhelpyou.

d.IwishIwereyoung.

②.wish的宾语从句用过去完成式,表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望

a.Wewishwehadgotthefilmticketslastnight.

b.IwishyouIhadmethimyesterday.

③.wish的宾语从句若用would,则一般表示请求,对现状不满或希望未来有所改变

a.Iwishthepriceswouldcomedown.

b.Iwishyouwouldhelpme.

c.Iwishhewouldbemorecareful.

d.Wewishyouwouldspendtheholidaywithus.

2.在动词suggest(建议),advise(建议),demand(要求),require(要求),order(命令),insist(坚持)后的宾语从句中,谓语动词常用(should)+动词原形的虚拟语气形式

a.Isuggestedthatweshouldgothereatonce.

b.Idemandthatheshouldanswermeatonce.

c.Thedoctorinsistedthatthepatientshouldstayinbedfortwoweeks.

d.Theofficerorderedthatthesoldiersshouldstopplaying.

与名词suggestion建议/advice建议/demand要求/request要求/order命令有关的从句(包括同位语从句和表语从句等)中的谓语也用(should)+动词原形

a.Theblackpeoplemadeastrongdemandthatthegovernment(should)takestepstochangetheunfairsituation.

b.Theirdemandisthatthegovernmentshouldtakestepstochangetheunfairsituation.

c.IwasBill’ssuggestionthateverybodyshouldhaveamap.

d.Hissuggestionwasthateverybodyshouldhaveamap.

八.虚拟语气用在句型:Itistimethat(该做某事了)中:that从句中的谓语动词用过去式

a.Itistimewegotup.

九.虚拟语气用在ifonly引导的感叹句中:表示但愿,要是就好了,其中谓语形式与wish的宾语从句相同

a.Ifonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast!(=Iwishhedidn’tdrivesofast.)

b.Ifonlyhehadtakenthedoctor’sadvice.(=Iwishhehadtakenthedoctor’sadvice.)

c.Ifonlytherainwouldstop!(=Iwishtherainwouldstop.)

十.虚拟语气用在wouldrather/prefer后的that从句中:表示现在或将来情况谓语动词用过去时形式,表示过去情况动词用过去完成时形式

a.IwouldratherhecamenextSaturday.

b.Iwouldpreferyouhadseenthefilmyesterday.

c.Iwouldratherthathepaintedthehouseblue